|  | Anti-Embolism Bio-Mechanics
Gradient
Compression
Gradient compression delivers a squeezing to the leg that is tightest
at the ankle. The degree of squeezing or compression gradually
decreases up the leg. This compression, generally expressed in mmHg
(millimeters of mercury) provides two main benefits.
A complete understanding of
precisely how compression works remains unknown. Two actions are
generally accepted. Probably the most beneficial effects of compression
are its effects on the capillaries and tissue spaces.
Compression is believed to increase the pressure in the
tissues beneath the skin thus reducing excess leakage of fluid from the
capillaries and increasing absorption of tissue fluid by the
capillaries and lymphatic vessels. Compression therefore reduces and
helps prevent swelling.
The physical presence of the
stocking also helps control the size (diameter) of superficial veins
beneath the stocking. The stocking does not allow these superficial
veins to over expand with blood. This action helps prevent "pooling".
The venous blood then flows more quickly up the leg towards the heart.
Veins
and Valves
Most of our blood volume is carried in the veins (64%). Veins can
expand to hold large amounts of blood. Veins are blood vessels that
carry blood from the body back to the heart. Blood return from the legs
occurs mainly through the deep veins. Within the veins, especially
those of the legs are valves. Venous valves are bicuspid (two) flap
like structures made of elastic tissue. The valves function to keep
blood moving in one direction.
The flow of blood in the venous
system is complex for several reasons: the low pressure within the
veins, flow rates that vary from high (during muscle contraction) to
almost no flow during quiet standing or sitting positions, the effects
of gravity, the collapsible nature of the venous wall, the presence of
valves, and the large volume of blood carried in the veins.
Once the blood has passed from
the arteries through the capillaries, it is flowing at a slower rate
because little pressure remains to move the blood along. Blood flow in
the veins below the heart is helped back up to the heart by the muscle
pump. The walls of the veins are thin and somewhat floppy. To
compensate for this many veins are located in the muscles. Movement of
the leg squeezes the veins, which pushes the blood toward the heart.
When the muscles contract the blood within the veins is squeezed up the
vein and the valves open. When the muscle is at rest, the valves close
helping to prevent the backward flow of blood. This is referred to as
the muscle pump.
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